中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动

本文通过分析1996年“当代中国生活史和社会变迁”的全国性抽样调查数据，研究当代中国家庭背景对职业流动的作用，并对城乡间的制度分割给予特别的关注。研究发现，农民的代际流动率相当高，且城市中的社会流动也具有相当的“开放”性。本文认为这种模式是由中国独特的户籍制度造成的。这一制度使得农村中从事非农职业、没有改变户口性质的农民子女还要继续务农；只允许农村中受过很高教育的人获得城市户口，从而导致了以往仅限于城市人口的社会流动研究产生严重的样本选择性偏误。本文的分析对理解社会主义国家在社会流动过程中的作用、不平等和社会流动之间的关系问题，提供了一个新的视角。Using data from a 1996 national probability sample of Chinese men, this paper analyzes the effect of family background on occupational mobility in contemporary China. The author has paid particular attention to the rural-urban institutional divide. China has an unusually high degree of mobility into agriculture and also, apparently, unusual "openness" in the urban population. Both patterns are explained by China’s distinctive population registration system, which simultaneously fails to protect peasants from downward mobility and permits only the best educated rural men to attain urban residential status, resulting in severe sample selection bias in previous studies restricted to the de jure urban population. In this article, new lights are shed on the relationships between the socialist egalitarian policies and social fluidity and between inequality and mobility.