住在郊区就通勤更久吗？中国大都市的空间布局、住房可负担性与通勤时长

城市化带来的长时通勤是当代社会面临的重要问题之一。近年来， 中国城市经历了巨大变迁，传统单位制的瓦解和房地产市场的改革使得大 城市的职住格局发生了巨大的变化，空间上职住分离的矛盾也随之日渐突 出。本文以中国四个特大城市北京、上海、广州、深圳为例，使用 2022 年北上广深电话调查的数据（N=5,482），探讨了不同城市发展模式中居 民的居住安排对其通勤时长的影响模式差异。本文发现，城市空间布局和 住房租售可负担性差异共同塑造居民居住安排与通勤时长的关系：在郊区 主要用作居住功能的就业单中心城市（北京），居住于市郊会显著增加通 勤时长；在住房租售可负担性差异大的城市（深圳），购置房产往往会导 致通勤时长的增加。本文认为，就业多中心的城市发展模式和提供可负担 性高的住房资源能有效减少通勤时长，有利于提高城市居民福祉。The issue of prolonged commuting, a byproduct of rapid urbanization, represents a critical challenge in contemporary society. This study investigates the substantial transitions occurring in job-housing relations within Chinese megacities, prompted by the dissolution of the traditional danwei system and the advent of housing marketization reforms. Consequently, the spatial separation of employment and housing has become progressively conspicuous. This research employs data from a 2022 telephone survey (N=5,482) of four megacities in China—Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen—to examine the differential impacts of residents' living arrangement on their commuting durations within different spatial patterns. Our findings indicate that the interplay between spatial arrangement and housing affordability influences the relation between residents’ housing choices and commuting durations. In employment monocentric cities with residential functions concentrating in the suburbs (e.g., Beijing), living in the suburb significantly increases commuting duration. In cities with disparities between rental and home-ownership affordability (e.g., Shenzhen), property ownership is associated with extended commuting durations. This research posits that the implementation of employment polycentric urban development and the provision of affordable housing resources could effectively reduce commuting durations, thereby enhancing the wellbeing of urban residents.