湖北監利張先村贛語的三域十聲系統

湖北东南部的监利话属于北部赣语。北部赣语的一大特征是发声态特别复杂,从而导致声调的分化归并也特别混乱,有时甚至很难确定一个方言有几个声调。本文考察了监利南部白螺镇张先村的声调系统,发现该方言来自古全浊和古次清的"浊送气"声母有多种变体,但其主要表现形式是使用气声。气声对监利声调的影响使得古次清在四声中都有别于古全清:次清平和次清去独立成调,次清人与未清洌化浊入合流。本文澄清一个长期以来的误解:清送气引发低调并导致次清分调。清送气语音学上应该是引发高调;但清送气也可引起韵母气声化,从而导致低调。监南张先村方言的入声还使用假声,由此构成了上域(假声),常域(清洌声)和下域(气声)共存的三域十个声调的系统。 Dialects in Jianli county in southeast of Hubei province are classified into the northern Gan Dialect which is impressive for its complex phonation types and accordingly for the complexities in the splits of Middle Chinese(MC) tones and their contemporary recategorization.For some local dialects,it is hard to define the number of tones.Based on investigations of Zhangxian village in southern Jianli,this study reveals that its modern reflexes of MC Ciqing and Zhuo onsets,previously regarded as voiced breathy,are actually realized by different variants.But whatever the modern onsets of these syllables their rimes are produced as breathy which differentiates the Ciqing from the Quanqing tones.While Ciqing Ping and Qu are independent tones,Ciqing Ru merges with Zhuo Ru and Ciqing Shang with Cizhuo Shang,which is rarely found.This paper also corrects a mistake that voiceless aspiration leads to a low pitch and then the split of the Ciqing from the Quanqing tones.Phonetically,voiceless aspiration leads to a high pitch,but it may initiate the breathy phonation and the breathy rime carries low tones.Besides breathy,falsetto is also used in the Ru categories of Zhangxian.As a result,three registers,Upper(Falsetto),Modal(Clear Voice) and Lower(Breathy Voice),co-occur in this dialect.