A general Bahadur representation of M-estimators and its application to linear regression with nonstochastic designs

We obtain strong Bahadur representations for a general class of M-estimators that satisfies ∑_i ψ(x_i, θ) = o(δn), where the x_i's are independent but not necessarily identically distributed random variables. The results apply readily to M-estimators of regression with nonstochastic designs. More specifically, we consider the minimum L_p distance estimators, bounded influence GM-estimators and regression quantiles. Under appropriate design conditions, the error rates obtained for the first-order approximations are sharp in these cases. We also provide weaker and more easily verifiable conditions that suffice for an error rate that is suboptimal but strong enough for deriving the asymptotic distribution of M-estimators in a wide variety of problems.