Adults' Freely Produced Emotion Labels for Babies' Spontaneous Facial Expressions

English-speaking Canadian, Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong Chinese, and Japanese-speaking Japanese adults were shown 13 still photographs of the facial expressions of Chinese babies subjected to various emotion-elicitation procedures. Some respondents were asked to give an emotion label of their choice for each photograph, others to judge its pleasant-unpleasant quality. Only facial expressions taken during the "happy" condition showed agreement by a majority across all three cultural samples on a specific basic emotion. Agreement on the pleasant-unpleasant quality of the baby's expressions was higher, but still varied with culture.