Advancing our understanding of cultural competence: An Affective Learning Process (ALPs) model

This paper proposes an Affective Learning Processes (ALPs) model for cultural competence. The model posits that in managing intercultural relations, individuals are driven by the needs for growth and development as well as the needs for security and safety. Whereas the promotion focus needs for growth and development can be met by building intercultural relationships, the prevention focus needs for security and safety can be met by preventing relationship deterioration. The promotion-prevention motivational systems are associated with unique affective reactions in response to anticipated outcomes. Such affect-driven outcome expectancies shape the learning processes. The ALPs model presents a comprehensive cultural competence framework and identifies specific cultural competence strategies that have been overlooked in the existing literature. Finally, the contributions of the ALPs model to theoretical advancement are evaluated.