Effects of socioeconomic status in predicting reading outcomes for children: The mediation of spoken language network

The present longitudinal study investigated the effects of early childhood socioeconomic status on language-related resting-state functional connectivity and reading outcome in adolescence. Seventy-nine children participated in this study. Socioeconomic status was measured via parent questionnaire measuring parental education and family income at 1 month. At age 14, resting-state fMRI data and reading-related behavioral data of the children were collected. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis was performed based on four regions of interest, including the left inferior frontal gyrus (L.IFG), left anterior superior temporal gyrus (L.aSTG), left posterior superior temporal gyrus (L.pSTG) and right anterior superior temporal gyrus (R.aSTG). Significant associations were found between parental education and the language-related RSFC, including the RSFC of L.IFG-L.aSTG and the RSFC of L.aSTG-L.pSTG, while no association was found between family income and language-related RSFC. Furthermore, the parental education-associated functional connectivity patterns (i.e., L.IFG-L.aSTG and L.aSTG-L.pSTG) were found to be positively correlated with children's reading skills (word list reading and sentence reading fluency). Finally, path analyses indicated that the intrinsic brain connectivity between L.aSTG and L.pSTG influenced the relationship between parental education and children's reading outcomes.