Emission characteristics and health risks assessment of heterocyclic amines from residential solid fuel use and cooking oils fumes

To measure the emission characteristics of heterocyclic amines (HAs) from residential solid fuel use (SFU) and cooking oil fumes (COF), a series of laboratory simulations were conducted. The particulates emitted from SFU were collected by a hood dilution sampling system. The particulates emitted from COF were collected by a small hood system. Five species of HAs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV detector. For crop residues, firewood, bituminous coal and anthracite coal burning, emission factors (EFs) of MeAaC ranged from 5.2 to 142.9μg/kg, EFs of AaC ranged from 0.6 to 37.8μg/kg, EFs of PhIP ranged from 1.5 to 25.9μg/kg. EFs of MeAaC and IQ from cooking plant oil were 6.8 and 1.5μg/kg. EFs of MeAaC, MeIQ and AaC from cooking animal oil were 6.2, 2.0 and 1.1μg/kg. PhIP, MeAaC and AaC emitted from crop residues burning accounted for 93.0%, 76.2% and 76.2% of total rural emissions. AaC, MeAaC and PhIP emitted from firewood burning accounted for 22.1%, 7.7% and 4.0%. MeAaC, PhIP and AaC emitted from residential bituminous coal use accounted for 15.9%, 2.8% and 1.8%. Under no effective smoke extraction conditions, the total excessive risk of cancer for rural women after exposing to HAs from bituminous coal (Harbin) and crop residues burning were 4.60×10^-5 and 1.84×10^-5, which exceeded EPA's recommend value of 10^-6. The risk of exposing to HAs from bituminous coal (Baotou) and firewood burning were 4.50×10^-6 and 4.31×10^-6, which were relatively higher than EPA's recommend value. The total excessive risk of cancer were negligible when using anthracite coal and electricity for cooking.