Enhancing green mobility through vehicle-to-grid technology: potential, technological barriers, and policy implications

Vehicle-to-grid technology accelerates the transition to renewable, low-carbon power systems by integrating electric vehicles. This study analyzes the 2023 US electric vehicle charging demand, variable renewable energy capacities, and charging infrastructure numbers in China, the US, and the EU. Moreover, an assessment of electric vehicle lifecycle carbon emissions using IEA data is conducted. Results indicate that V2G offers significant economic feasibility and environmental benefits by balancing grid supply and demand, absorbing renewable energy, conserving electricity, reducing CO₂ emissions, and supporting Sustainable Development Goals. Key underlying technologies are investigated to guide future V2G advancements. An orderly regulation framework for the EV-grid-aggregator system is provided, specifying market incentives and charging management measures to promote EV participation in V2G. Additionally, charging infrastructure planning strategies that integrate power and transportation networks are developed to facilitate decarbonization. By analyzing global policy contexts and market incentives, effective policies for advancing V2G implementation are emphasized. Finally, future development directions are proposed based on existing research, offering a roadmap for sustainable V2G development.