Human: The Final Decision-Maker in the Technological Era

The rapid development of artificial intelligence in education (AIED) has led educators and students to integrate AI systems into academic activities. While these systems offer strong analytical and computational capabilities, there is a troubling trend of users relying on AI to complete tasks and make decisions for them. Originally intended to assist in making rational, evidence-based choices, the increasing substitution of human decision-making by AI poses significant risks and undermines the goal of fostering critical thinking and reflection in younger generation. This chapter reviews articles covering three main areas. The first section examines the integration of AI in teaching and learning, focusing on its pedagogical implications for evidence-based decision-making. This includes renovating assessment strategies to accurately reflect learners’ academic and soft skills without AI manipulation. The second section discusses the use of AI technologies by learners outside the educational context, highlighting their ultimate responsibility for the results. The third section explores how educators can leverage AI-generated insights beyond teaching to enhance the overall support provided to students, thereby improving their learning experiences. The chapter concludes with a summary of key finding and implications. The findings indicate that humans continue to serve as the ultimate decision-makers in the era of AI technology while AI systems should be positioned as supportive tools. The article aims to facilitate a systematic reflection on the emerging use of AI systems in various areas, calling for the responsible AI-facilitated education across the global community.