Extreme Heat Risks on the Mental Well-being of Older Adults in Urban China

Abstract

As climate change intensifies, extreme heat episodes are becoming both more frequent and more intense, adversely affecting human health. However, the mental well-being consequences of extreme heat remain an underexplored area of research, particularly among vulnerable older adults. This mixed-method study combines analyses of spatial and qualitative datasets to identify the spatial distribution of heat vulnerability to understand the lived experiences of older individuals regarding the impact of extreme heat and their coping strategies in Jinan and Guangzhou, China.

The spatial assessment of heat vulnerability was based on exposure, sensitivity, vulnerability, and adaptation. In Guangzhou, higher education levels primarily influence heat vulnerability; individuals with higher educational attainment demonstrate greater proficiency in implementing adaptation strategies. In contrast, in Jinan, population ageing drives its vulnerability to heat, as the growing older population exposes the local community to higher risks during extreme heat events. High-risk communities are predominantly located in the in older neighbourhoods and suburbs of both cities, which lack adequate heat adaptation infrastructure.

The qualitative interviews reveal lived experiences characterised by anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, and social isolation as a result of extreme heat. Chronic illnesses, outdoor employment, previous heat experiences, and digital exclusion exacerbate this vulnerability.

Additionally, the perception of heat risk significantly influences individuals’ intentions to adopt coping strategies. Persistent heat leads to intermittent psychological stress among older individuals in Jinan during short but intense heat episodes, while those in Guangzhou experience more persistent mental well-being issues due to prolonged heat and humidity, described as “chronic adaptation fatigue”. Variations in socioeconomic status, access to cooling facilities, and social support networks further contributes to regional inequalities.

This study underscores the imperative to enhance the resilience of older adults’ mental well-being in urban environments. Local communities and governments should prioritise developing cooling infrastructure and integrating mental health support into urban climate adaptation planning.

Date of Award	2025
Original language	English
Awarding Institution	The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Supervisor	Laurence Delina (Supervisor) & Xiaoming Bill Shi (Supervisor)